Full-cell C/SiO2ǁNa3V2(PO4)3 high-performance Na-ion battery: diffusion kinetics and N/P optimization

C/SiO2 composite derived from rice husks (RHs) have gained significant attention in developing abundant anode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their unique features, simple synthesis process without using additional sources of silica and carbon, and affordable price. Despite the extensive research reported, a part of the expensive hard carbon, the choice of anode materials still needs to be improved, leading to challenges in commercializing SIBs. In this study, full-cell C/SiO2ǁNa3V2(PO4)3 was optimized for the assembly conditions, achieving the highest and most stable capacity. In detail, the N/P ratio survey using pre-sodiation C/SiO2 materials is the remaining factor. Besides, evaluations of the diffusion process kinetics in C/SiO2 have been conducted through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) studies. Within the pre-sodiation anode, full-cell C/SiO2ǁNa3V2(PO4)3 at N/P ∼ 1.2 offers the highest capacity of 126.3 mAh.g^− 1 and capacity retention of 83.7% after 50 cycles. Moreover, other electrochemical evaluation techniques were also used in this study, such as EIS ex-situ, CV, C-rate, and GCPL. Finally, with the information from this study, the optimization of Na-ion battery assembly conditions from material C/SiO2 has been explored, opening a new future for cost-effective batteries.